The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 1529 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for the APA 6th Edition Sheela Jose Grand Canyon University: HIV Known as a Communicable Disease A communicable disease is known an illness that results from an infectious agent that occurs through transmission either indirectly or directly, from an infected individual. The human immunodeficiency virus is considered a communicable disease, and will be explored further in relation to the concepts of epidemiology and the role of the community health nurse. Epidemiology essentially responds to the questions of who, when, what, why, where and how of a disease and investigates the problem before everything is made evident (Grand†¦show more content†¦The next stage averages a length of 10 years (Holland, 2013). During this time, many generally lead asymptomatic lives. In the symptomatic stage, the individual’s viral load levels go increasingly high, signifying that the immune system is weakening. Antiretroviral medications will serve as treatment, if it has not already been utilized already. If such medication does not help, or treatment is not sought out, later-stage HIV infection symptoms can manifest. This involves recurring fever, loss of memory, weight loss, and diarrhea for more than a week (Holland, 2013). Since the immune system is compromised, opportunistic infections become far more probable to occur. The last stage involves the progression of HIV to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). If the CD4+ T-cell count goes under 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood, and the individual is diagnosed with a condition related to HIV such as pneumonia, it is indicative of AIDS, generally (Holland, 2013). HIV is transmitted via semen, blood, breast milk, and vaginal and rectal secretions. An infected mother can pass HIV to her unborn child via placenta or during birth if the proper measures are not undertaken. Sharing needles can also infect an individual due to possible contamination of infected blood (Holland, 2013). There is no cure for HIV as of yet. Retroviral drugs are

The Stages Of Cognitive Development - 774 Words

The proposed four stages of cognitive development are developed by Piaget. He supposes that, in a specific order, all of society passed through the four stages that he established, generally with precise ages. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage. This earliest stage, occurring from birth to two years of age, involves differentiation of self from objects. The child participates in action and begins to act purposely. Then, child comes to understand that objects still remain in existence even when they are out of sight. As a limitation, this stage seems to only support thinking only by doing. The second stage is the preoperational stage, occurring roughly the time child begins speaking to possibly seven years old. During this period, intelligence is established through symbols, language use matures, and memory and imagination are developed. As a limitation, the preoperational stage lacks the concept of conversation. The third stage is the concrete operational stage, which occurs around the time a child is in first grade to possibly eleven years of age. In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. As a lim itation, operations are only carried out on concrete objects, and also limited two characteristics at the same time. The fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage, which happens around adolescence to adulthood. During this stage, intelligence is established through theShow MoreRelatedThe Stages Of Cognitive Development1395 Words   |  6 Pageschain of four serious stages of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget, who is a well-recognized psychologist. Through the observations he made of children, Piaget established a theory of development involving four stages: the sensorimotor stage, which is from birth to the age 2, the preoperational stage, from age 2 to about the age of 7 and the concrete operational stage, ranging from age 7 to 11. The last stage of his development was the formal operational stage, which begins in adolescenceRead MoreThe Stages Of Cognitive Development1290 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy of cognitive development that researchers and scientis ts still use today. Piaget’s Cognitive Theory includes the four stages of cognitive development from birth to adulthood: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational. These stages include thought, judgement, and knowledge. He made the claim that children may enter these stages at different ages, but insisted that cognitive development always follows this sequence, cannot be skipped, and that each stage is markedRead MoreThe Four Stages Of Cognitive Development951 Words   |  4 Pagesmodel for the study cognitive development. This model explained how a child’s cognitive skills develop over their lifetime, which will eventually result in more of an adult way of thinking; or a more elaborate and logical way of thinking. Unlike other psychologists who were studying cognition, Piaget believed that children were not â€Å"tiny adults†, who had to eventually access a more complex way of thinking over time. Instead, he believed that a chi ld’s cognition progresses in stages through the processRead MoreStages Of Emotional And Cognitive Development1242 Words   |  5 Pagesand cognitive development in children and the role of nurture and nature. In understanding the emotional and cognitive development in children, many theorists including Bowlby and his attachment theory, Baumrind theory towards parenting styles and also Vygotsky and his theory on social development, have all worked hard over many years of research into producing theories on understanding how the development of children is important. It has been found that emotional and cognitive development are becomingRead MoreThe s Stages Of Cognitive Development1403 Words   |  6 Pagesamaroszaman Two characters that I choose for this assignment are John Bender and Brian Johnson. In reference to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, I categorized Bender and Brian in formal operational stage because of their age. Besides, both of them also shows characteristic of adolescent egocentrism. As for Bender, we can see that he had developed the sense of invulnerability because he had taken many physical risks and do not think about the negative consequences of his actions. Brian showsRead MoreStages Of Cognitive And Moral Development810 Words   |  4 PagesStages of cognitive and moral development, Interests and learning styles, and Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences To meet my students’ needs, I will begin supporting them psychologically, academically and develop classes that appeal to a wide range of different bits of intelligence. I am going to develop assorted techniques to construct my lesson activities that allow students to relate to the subject matter in ways that fit their interests, learning styles and strengths. IRead MorePiaget s Stages Of Cognitive Development1072 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology concepts including Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, psychoactive drugs, and dreams. The first concept that I can relate to is Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Jean Piaget came up with this concept about how a child’s brain develops throughout their life. There are four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. The two stages I can specifically relate to are the sensorimotor and preoperational stages. I have a three year old cousin whoRead MorePiaget s Stages Of Cognitive Development Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget developed a cognitive approach to studying and classifying behavioral growth in stages. He believed that each child matured and learned at a different rate, so even though children mature in the same cognitive sequence, there might be separation in the achievement of each level from one child to the next (Swartwood, 2012, p. 46). Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development are Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational (Swartwood, 2012, p. 49). PiagetRead MoreThe Individual s Stage Of Cognitive Development999 Words   |  4 Pagesher conservation skills using one of the tasks described on pp. 148-151 in your textbook. Describe both the test(s) and the results. What does performance on the object permanence or conservation task tell you about the individual’s stage of cognitive development in Piaget’s theory? If the individual is a child, adolescent, or adult, ask the individual to draw a picture of what a human being would look like if he or she had three eyes instead of two. Ask the individual where the thirdRead MorePiaget s Stages Of Cognitive Development930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cognitive Development theory refers to the ability to learn through thinking and reasoning. Theorist Jean Piaget developed the stages of cognitive development according to age and how individuals learn through their environment and senses. Based on Education.com: Stages of Cognitive Development (Driscoll/Nagel ,2008), these stages are from infant to teenage years with specific abilities. The first stage of Piaget’s stages of development is called Sensorimotor, which starts at birth to two years

Islamic Culture in the Middle East-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss how these two scholars focus on Aisha in the context of the emergence of Islam, as a religious tradition, and vis--vis historical perspectives and questions. Answer: Religion is a subject that is taken with much weight in the society as it represents peoples believes concerning their ways of life and the way they relate to each other. Islam is one of the worlds leading religion after Christianity that has many followers from different regions all over the world and making significant impacts in the society (Al-Thani, Moore 192). Islam has many theories that explain its evolution and growth across the globe including the important events, people, and items that were crucial for its evolution. Muhammad, Aisha, Fatima, Hadiths and many more names are relevant in explaining the growth and development of the Islamic culture (Aslan 501). Aisha was an essential figure in the spreading and adoption of the religion as she was the wife of the great prophet Muhammad and also a creative writer and translator. Throughout her life before and after the death of the prophet, she acted as a medium of spreading Islam. Many authors have different approaches to explaining Aishas contribution to the society regarding the growth of the Muslim community. Her bibliography describes all the activities she has done towards the Islam community and their impacts towards her reputation and position. She represented the female figures in the society, and her different inputs defined the feminist view of the population in context (Khan, Farooq, Hussain 22). Some books and journals focused on her skills in the creative literature that lead to the translation of the Hadiths for native to understand more. She was famous not because of her position as the wife of Muhammad but because of her skills in Islamic literature (Jaschok, Shui nd). Other books focus on the impact she made as a Muslim leader. Her position of leadership impacted differently on people as the society did not recognize women leadership. She therefore portrayed the strength of women and greed for power to others. Regardless of the peoples take on her contributions, the truth is she was excellent influence towards Islam growth. According to the analysis by Roded (231), Aisha concentrated on fictional work that explained the experience of Islamic women. She used her personal experiences in her stories including the influence of French Colonials in Algeria and the types of activities that women went through during these times. In her writing, she revealed the chaining attitudes of women regarding Islam and the events facing them at the time. She used the bibliographies of Prophet Muhammad and his daughter Fatima and related them to the evolution of Islam especially on the situation of women. The deaths of the prophet and his daughter defined womens role in the society including. One of her writings, Far from Medina explains that women were once strong and more aware of their rights. Feminism was, therefore, a major point that influenced the way Aisha made her efforts towards the evolution of Islam. Roded (229) describes her writing and interpretation skills as the main method that Aisha can be remembered when it comes to the growth of Islam as she made a lot of changes to the society with her skills. (Keddie, Baron nd) On the other hand, focus on the aspect of power and the way Aisha used her position to influence the society either positively or negatively. People recognized her as the wife to the great Muhammad, and due to this, she experienced privileges of her marriage even after her husbands death. These authors feel like more of her impact on the Islamic nature is because of her marriage to the great prophet. After his death, she began to portray her power by political succession and participation that was received differently. The young widow became publicly recognized after she participated in the Battle of the Camel (Al-Thani, Moore 196). Most people especially men to this act negatively as they found the act inappropriate for a woman. Women, however, realized that they could get involved in political activities just like their men counterparts. This book is, therefore, two-sided by describing Aishas life as mostly a public and political figure. Criticism on womens part icipation in power positions increased during this time and was considered by some to be a taboo. Feminism also thrived, and most women showed interest in power positions and to have some power over their lives and families (Eberhardt, Teal, 123). All in all, Aisha contributed much through her political life by changing the perspective that traditionally the society had towards leadership. Taking Ahmed and Rodes case into consideration, Islam is a religion that thrived fast through the influence of high religious leaders who had the power to influence an enormous audience all over the world. I find it appropriate to say that Aisha is one of the most significant contributors towards the growth of early Islamic believes. She was not considered as vital as the Prophet Muhammad, but according to my observation, she did just as much (Omair 136). Being the wife of the most important prophet in the Muslim culture, she had a voice in the society despite all the challenges and limitations due to her gender. 40 years later after the death of Muhammad, Aisha was still making an impact on the development of the Islamic religion. She used her power to enlighten women in the society who were always considered as inferior. Her creative nature and understanding of the Quran and other Islamic scriptures also helped the uneducated population to spread Islam. She was the female represent ation of the Islamic culture with many of the activities she conducted throughout her life focusing on women (Bajaj et al. 508). References Al-Thani, Aisha, and Judy Moore. "Nondirective counseling in Islamic culture in the Middle East explored through the work of one Muslim person-centered counselor in the State of Qatar." Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies 11.3 (2012): 190-204. Aslan, Reza. No god but God: The origins, evolution, and future of Islam. Random House, 2011. Sidani, Yusuf. "Women, work, and Islam in Arab societies." Women in Management Review 20.7 (2005): 498-512. Bajaj, Sarita, et al. "South Asian consensus statement on women's health and Ramadan." Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism 16.4 (2012): 508. Eberhardt, Markus, and Francis Teal. "Econometrics for grumblers: a new look at the literature on cross?country growth empirics." Journal of Economic Surveys 25.1 (2011): 109-155. Jaschok, Maria, and Shui Jingjun Shui. The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam. Routledge, 2013. Keddie, Nikki R., and Beth Baron, eds. Women in Middle Eastern history: Shifting boundaries in sex and gender. Yale University Press, 2008. Khan, Bilal, Ayesha Farooq, and Zareen Hussain. "Human resource management: an Islamic perspective." Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 2.1 (2010): 17-34. Omair, Katlin. "Typology of career development for Arab women managers in the United Arab Emirates." Career Development International 15.2 (2010): 121-143. Roded, Ruth. "Recreating Fatima, Aisha and Marginalized Women in the Early Years of Islam: Assia Djebar's Far from Medina (1991)." Hawwa 6.3 (2008): 225-253.

Psychoanaltiv and Trait Approach to Personality free essay sample

Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches Personality may well be one of the most fascinating fractions in which many fields of psychology have spent decades trying to understand and explain. Because of the possible multiple dimensions involved in a single personality could offer explanation into why so many theories and sub-fields of psychology have been dedicated to this process. For the purpose of this students research the two approaches for gaining some understanding and explanation into personality will be the psychoanalytic approach and the trait theory approach. Throughout the following pages a omparison and contrast of the psychoanalytic approach and the trait theory approach will be examined. Two characteristics of each approach will be offered in which this student agree and two in which she does not agree along with an explanation for the agreement and disagreement. The oral and anal components of Sigmund Freud will be examined and offered to explain characteristic of personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoanaltiv and Trait Approach to Personality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three of Freuds defense mechanisms will be presented along with real-life examples to illustrate each of these mechanisms. One of the five factors in the Big Five factor theory will be presented and used to describe this student and why this student elieves this to be the best fit. Finally, the approach, psychoanalytic or trait, will be shown in relation to which best suits this student. Comparison and Contrast In order to compare or contrast these two approaches, first, there must be a definition of each approach. The psychoanalytic approach understands us from the point of view of our unconscious and early childhood experiences. (Keegan, 2010, para. ) The trait approach to personality suggests that individuals personality are composed of broad dispositions. (Kassin, 2003, para. 5) The definition of each approach alone states the obvious differences in each approach. The psychoanalytic approach seeks to explain personality via expansion of behaviors based on an individuals experiences during childhood which shapes the individuals personality. However, the trait approach, believes that an individual is born with specific traits which are enhanced through environment and experiences over the individuals life- span. The only common ground these two approaches seem to offer is that both try to understand and explain personality. Characteristic The psychoanalytic approach contains many different characteristic, of which, a few this student can agree with. The first which agreeableness is found is defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are processes that the ego uses to distort reality to protect its self. (Friedman and Schustack, 2009, p. 7) While there are many different types of defense mechanisms, at some point in every individuals life, he or she will use this to either protect him or herself or avoid dealing with an unpleasant situation until he or she is ready to face the situation in a better frame of mind. The second characteristic of the psychoanalytic approach which agreeableness is found is the attempts to understand how the unconscious affects the conscious. The for variations is behaviors, which this student completely agrees with as a possibility. There are, however, a few characteristic of the psychoanalytic approach which this student disagrees with and the first would be the psycho sexual components. Penis enw would be on the top of this list. This student cannot agree that a young woman becomes consumed with wanting to be with her father or Jealous of the fact that he has a penis and she does not. The other characteristic of this approach which this student disagrees with is the fact that there is no way to empirically prove test results or compare data which is gained. For this student, any data collected must have a method to falsify. Trait approach also is founded in many different characteristic. The first of these characteristic which this student agrees is the Big Five theory. The Big Five model of personality represents five core traits that interact to form human personality and are as follows: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. (McCrae and Costa, 1997, p. 510) This student believes that all individuals are comprised of at least one if not more of these core traits. The second characteristic of this approach which this student agrees is ersonalities are relatively stable. This student believes that an individuals personality does not change but instead that different behaviors may be exhibited when introduced to different situations. Along with characteristic which this student agrees with within the trait approach are characteristic which this student disagrees. The trait approach tries to place personality into one category or another. This student does not believe that this is conducive to explaining personality or resulting behaviors which an individual may exhibit. The second characteristic which this tudent disagrees with is that Just because personalities are relatively stable, this makes them predictable. When an individual is introduced to a situation which could be considered traumatic or unstable, the reaction observed may be unpredictable and viewed as abnormal for that individual. Therefore, to rely on ones personality as a predictor for behavior, this student, feels is not accurate. Oral and Anal Components of Freuds Theory The oral stage of development explained by Freud, encompasses an individuals natural drives which are exhibited at birth, such as eating, being held, and sleeping. During this stage an infants only concerns are with satisfying the basics needs. The oral stage in Freudian stage of psychosexual development before the age one, when infants are driven to satisfy their drives of hunger and theist. (Friedman and Schustack, 2009, p. 0) Should a child become too dependent during this stage or too demanding, he or she may grow up to be introverted or overly dependent on others and have issues is establishing his or her own identity. The oral stage is followed by the anal stage which Freud associated with toilet training. Freud believed that this rocess could be to ridged causing the child to become obsessive, controlling, or rebellious in later years. That is, severe toilet training may lead to a great pleasure in control over feces that theoretically manifests its self in adulthood obstinacy and stinginess. (Friedman and Schustack, 2009,p. 71) Defense Mechanisms Repression Traumatic events in an individuals life can cause him or her to repress certain memories, emotions, or feelings as a method for protection. Repression is a defense Schustack,2009,p. 78) A real-life example of repression would be that of a child who was sexually assaulted by his or her parent. As a young child, he or she is unable to understand and deal with the emotions and feeling which accompany the assault and therefore, suppresses the memory. Later in life, however, these memories may resurface, and the individual will have to deal with the experience. Denial Denial may well be one of the most used of all defense mechanisms described by Freud. Denial allows an individual to move past a current situation which may be producing anxiety until a future time when the individual is more capable of dealing with the anxiety produced by the situation. Denial is defense mechanisms in which ne refuses to acknowledge anxiety provoking stimuli. (Friedman and Schustack, 2009, p. 4) A real-life example of denial would be an individual whom has a family member dyeing from cancer, yet refuses to admit that the death of the loved one is eminent. Through the use of denial, the individual is capable of helping the loved one better emotionally and at some later date deal with his or her own emotional issues which are associated with this event. Projection Projection is a defense mechanisms in which anxiety-arousing impulses are externalized by placing them, or projecting them, on to others. (Friedman and Schustack,2009. . 84) Projection most often occurs when an individual is under a great deal of stress and therefore, the individual may take out his or her frustrations on the nearest individual to him or her. A real-life example would be that a company is struggling and therefore, the owner takes out his or her anxiety, frustrations, and stress on his or her employees. While this is unhealthy and not good for company relations, the boss finds some relief from the anxiety and trys to regain composure. Extraversion: My Big Five Factor For this project, this student was asked to pick which of the factors within the Big Five actor best describes her personality and that would be extraversion. Extraversion trait includes characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. (McCrae and Costa, 1997,p. 514) If anyone would ask those who know this student to describe her two main things that would be said would be: sociable and assertive. This student spends much of her days at work dealing with not only her own clients but all the clients for the business as she is the manager and over all known greeter at the grooming shop. Assertiveness is part of what makes this student so business sa. . y, never being afraid to take a chance or state her opinion not only gains her respect of others but has also propelled her to the top of her field as a groomer. Never being afraid to learn something new and admitting when she is wrong is also part of what makes this student sociable and easily accepted by others. My Personality: Psychoanalytic Approach While there is so much of the psychoanalytic approach that this student disagrees with there is even more of the trait theory approach that this student disagrees with, therefore, this student will have to go with the psychoanalytic approach to describe her personality. This student does believe that the unconscious drives and motivates an individual as well as herself. This student also believes that she has in the past used defense mechanisms to get through anxiety provoking situations. Primarily, denial both times in her life when faced with the death of a loved one in which was no longer an option, and the emotions and feelings had to be dealt with in a healthy manner in order to move forward in life. Conclusion Throughout the proceeding pages a comparison and contrast of the psychoanalytic approach and the trait theory approach was examined. Two characteristics of each pproach were offered in which this student agree and two in which she does not agree along with an explanation for the agreement and disagreement.